Dancehall

Low, wide, grounded stance with the pelvis free and the chest and shoulders sharply articulated. Steps hit hard on accents, alternating between percussive stops, whining hip rotations, dips, drops and pantomimic gestures that illustrate the lyric.

Largely solo and crew-based, though dancehall also has an explicit couple register: whining together, back-to-front grinding and, from 2008, the acrobatic and controversial daggering.

Reputation is built at street dances such as the long-running weekly sessions in Kingston, in crew rivalries like Bogle versus John Hype, and through appearances in music videos; formal competition sits mainly on the dancehall queen side of the culture.

Kingston remains the source and arbiter; Japanese, European and North American dancehall scenes are large and technically strong but tend to teach steps as fixed choreography, detached from the street-dance context that produces them.

Dancehall is not reggae, and dancehall dance is not 'freestyle': it is a catalogue of specific named steps with known authors and dates. The Butterfly's authorship is genuinely disputed, credited variously to Carlene Smith and to Bogle, and the widely taught studio 'dancehall' class is often a fusion that omits the foundation Jamaican practitioners insist on.